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Old Sarum
Old Sarum ((ラテン語:Sorbiodunum)) is the site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury in England. Located on a hill about north of modern Salisbury near the A345 road, the settlement appears in some of the earliest records in the country. It is an English Heritage property and is open to the public.
The great monoliths of Stonehenge and Avebury were erected nearby and indications of prehistoric settlement have been discovered from as early as 3000 BC. An Iron Age hillfort was erected around 400 BC, controlling the intersection of two native trade paths and the Hampshire Avon. The site continued to be occupied during the Roman period, when the paths became roads. The Saxons took the British fort in the 6th century and later used it as a stronghold against marauding Vikings. The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. A royal palace was built within the castle for and was subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs. This heyday of the settlement lasted for around 300 years until disputes between the Wiltshire sheriff and the Salisbury bishop finally led to the removal of the church into the nearby plain. As New Salisbury grew up around the construction site for the new cathedral in the early 13th century, the buildings of Old Sarum were dismantled for stone and the old town dwindled. Its long-neglected castle was abandoned by in 1322 and sold by in 1514.
Although the settlement was effectively uninhabited, its landowners continued to have parliamentary representation into the 19th century, making it the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832. Most famously, Old Sarum served as a pocket borough of the Pitt family.
==Name==
The present name seems to have been a corruption of the medieval Latin and Norman forms of the name Salisbury, such as the Sarisburie that appeared in the Domesday Book.〔 (These were adaptions of the earlier names Searoburh,〔Wiltshire Government. ("Wiltshire Community History: Salisbury: Thumbnail History". )〕 Searobyrig,〔 and Searesbyrig,〔Samuel, Lewis. ''Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of England'', Vol. IV. 1835.〕〔Cameron, Kenneth. ''English Place-Names'', p. 35. (Batsford), 1988. ISBN 0-7134-5698-1.〕〔Blake, Norman Francis & al. "English Historical Linguistics: Studies In Development" in ''CECTAL Conference Papers Series'', No. 3. Centre for English Cultural Tradition and Language (Sheffield), 1984.〕 calques of the indigenous Brittonic name with the Old English suffixes and , denoting fortresses or their adjacent settlements.) The longer name was first abbreviated by writing ''Sar'' with a stroke over the ''r'' but, as such a mark was used to contract the Latin suffix ''-um'' (common in placenames), the name was confused and became Sarum sometime around the 13th century. The earliest known use was on the seal of the hospital at New Salisbury, which was in use in 1239. The 14th-century Bishop Wyvil was the first to describe himself as ''episcopus Sarum''.〔''The Victoria History of the County of Wiltshire'', , .〕 The addition of 'old' to the name distinguished it from New Sarum, the formal name of the present-day city of Salisbury until 2009.
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